Human activities had a vigorous part in the impact of water resources through discharge of industrials effluents, domestic discharge, and agricultural wastes. Water contaminated with toxic chemicals and pathogenic microorganism which can import many diseases for living things including human beings. Drinking water should be free from toxic chemicals, microorganism especially bacterial and safe for human consumption. This research work aim to investigate the fitness of water for drinking and food processing in and around Al Bageer and EL Qoz industrial areas in Khartoum State. Six sampling points (RSWN, RSBN, TSWN, TSBN, GWWN and GWBN) distributed throughout Al Bageer and EL Qoz were selected for investigation, 10 samples of each were prepared for laboratory analysis. All samples gave satisfactory results for the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity, chlorides, fluoride, nitrates, sulphates, iron, and temperature. Turbidity was slightly high in raw surface water (35 NTU) than the ground water (34 NTU), according to Sudanese Standard Metrology Organization (SSMO) and World Health Organization (WHO).The surface water samples shows sign of present of coliform total and fecal coliform hence they acceptable for drinking and food processing after decontamination, on other hand ground water samples of Al Bageer and El Qoz in Khartoum State (GWWN and GWBN) shows no sign of present for total coliform and E.coli, hence they considered satisfactory for the people and meet their requirements for potable water, because where comparable with the requirements of the Sudanese Standard Metrology Organization (SSMO) and World Health Organization (WHO).

PPCPs, Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Productsare a new kind of trace organic pollutants, which are closely related to human life. Recent studies have shown that different types of pharmaceuticals (PhACs)can be detected in natural water environments such as ground waters, surface waters and even drinking waters. The changes of E2 on the enzyme activity of Chlorella vulgaris and the influencing factors were studied. Chlorella vulgaris were cultured for 120h with different initial concentrations of E2 and different dosage of chlorine. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as the active oxygen scavengers, can be used as the physiological and biochemical indexes to measure the oxidative stress of algal cells. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) can indicate the degree of lipid peroxidation.The acute toxicity was studied by the algae toxicity test, which was shown as the growth inhibition and the changes of enzyme activity of Chlorella vulgaris. The enzyme activity tests showed that none of the Superoxide Dismutase activity, Catalase activity and Malondialdehyde content had noticeable correlation effect with the exposure of E2 or the chlorination, indicating that E2did not have a significant impact on the enzyme activity of Chlorella vulgaris before and after chlorination

In recent years, envrionmental hormone in drinking water has been constantly detected. These pollutants will produce various disinfection by-products during chlorine disinfection process in drinking water, which are likely to have greater biological toxicity than the precursors and impose a threat to human health. Therefore, it warrants detailed studies on the biological toxicity of such pollutants in  water before and after chlorination.17β-estradiol (E2) as frequently exposed to drinking water,  the variation of acute toxicity of drinking water containing E2 before and after chlorination were investigated. The acute toxicity was studied by the algae toxicity test. The results of acute toxicity test showed that under the single exposure condition of different concentrations of E2 (0, 2, 4, 8, 16mg/L), the growth inhibition rate of Chlorella vulgaris showed obvious dosage effect. with an increase in the exposure concentration of E2, Chlorella vulgaris growth inhibition rate increased correspondingly. With a high chlorine dosage (E2 and chlorine molar ratio of 1:2 and 1:5), the growth inhibition rate of water samples to Chlorella vulgaris was higher than that before chlorination, but under the condition of low chlorine dosage (E2 and chlorine molar ratio of 4:1 and 1:1), the growth inhibition rate of water samples to Chlorella vulgaris was lower than that before chlorination. These results indicated that a low chlorine dosage could reduce the acute toxicity of water quality.

In order to contribute to the evaluation of the biodiversity and growth of fish species in the Congo River, a study was conducted in Kindu in the Democratic Republic of Congo, from January 14 to June 28, 2019. The objective was to identify commercial fish species and assess their growth. For the realization of this study, a pre-survey and field observations were carried out at the central Beach of Kindu, place of sale of caught fish which were the subject of our study during the rainy season. In fact, 110 specimens were caught with hawk nets, monofilament gill nets and hooks (n ° 16, 18 and 20).The results obtained showed that six species of fish of commercial interest were inventoried: Distichodus engycephalus (24.5%), Synodontis decorus and Auchenoglanis occidentalis (with 20.9% each), Oreochromis niloticus and Sarotherodon galileus (commonly 15, 5%) and finally Labeo macrostomus (2.7%). Oreochromis niloticus, Sarotherodon galileus, Distichodus engycephalus, Labeo macrostomus and Auchenoglanis occidentalis had positive allometric growth (83.3%) and Synodontis decorus, isometric growth (16.7%). Thus, all of the species of fish of commercial interest studied adapt well to the environmental conditions of the environment. Therefore, subsequent studies on the biology (diet and reproduction) of these fish species are however necessary in order to consider their domestication.

En vue de contribuer à l’évaluation de la biodiversité et croissance des espèces de poissons du fleuve Congo, une étude a été menée à Kindu en République Démocratique du Congo, du 14 janvier au 28 juin 2019. L’objectif poursuivi était d’identifier les espèces de poissons d’intérêt commercial et d’évaluer leurs croissances. Pour la réalisation de cette étude, une pré-enquête et des observations sur le terrain ont été réalisées au niveau du Beach central de Kindu, lieu de vente de poissons capturés lesquels ont fait l’objet de notre étude pendant la saison pluvieuse. En effet, 110 spécimens ont été capturés aux filets à épervier, maillants monofilaments et hameçons (n°16, 18 et 20).  Les résultats obtenus ont montré que six espèces de poissons d’intérêt commercial ont été inventoriées : Distichodus engycephalus (24,5%), Synodontis decorus et Auchenoglanis occidentalis (avec chacune 20,9%), Oreochromis niloticus  et Sarotherodon galileus  (communément 15,5%) et enfin Labeo macrostomus (2,7%). Les espèces Oreochromis niloticus, Sarotherodon galileus, Distichodus engycephalus, Labeo macrostomus et Auchenoglanis occidentalis avaient une croissance allométrique positive (83,3%) et l’espèce Synodontis decorus, une croissance isométrique (16,7%). Ainsi, la totalité des espèces de poissons d’intérêt commercial étudiés s’adaptent bien aux conditions environnementales du milieu. De ce fait, les études ultérieures sur la biologie (régime alimentaire et reproduction) de ces espèces de poissons sont cependant nécessaires en vue d’envisager leur domestication.

The present study aimed to extract and isolate cellulose nanocrystals from Ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon) waste sawdust. Cellulose from Ayous sawdust was obtained by sequential multi-stage chemical extraction and bleaching. After the cellulose extraction, high quality of nanocrystals of cellulose were then extracted by using chemical acid hydrolysis. The chemical compositions, and morphology of nanocrystal of cellulose were analyzed by using standard methods, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and crystallinity index was determined. A cellulose content of 46.6% was obtained after sequential extraction from the sawdust. SEM images showed the rod-like shape of NCC. According to XRD results, the crystallinity index increased upon chemical extraction. The crystalline index of Ayous wood fiber is 62%, 68% for mercerized cellulose and 86% for nanocrystalline cellulose.">

Physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon, organic matter , sulphate and phosphate) and heavy metals (copper, lead and chromium) were determined in the soils around the abattoir in Nnobi, Idemmili South Local Government Area in Anambra State, using standard analytical procedures and instrumentation. The physicochemical properties of the soil samples were determined using established analytical procedures while the levels of the heavy metals were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The  soil samples D_{1- 4} and control had mean range of values of 6.43-7.22, 0.85-5.84%, 32.20-41.16 µS/cm, 23.05-30.14mg/l, 2.13-4.66mg/l and 4.83-8.91% for pH, total organic carbon, electrical conductivity, sulphate, phosphate and organic matter content respectively. The soil samples D_{1- 4} and control had mean range of values of 28.61-18.64, 0.58-0.26, 0.98-0.74µg/g for Cu, Pb and Cr respectively. The levels of the studied physicochemical parameters and heavy metals in the soil sampling points D_{1 - 4} and control were all statistically significant.  Of all the studied parameters, only the mean levels of total organic carbon and Pb in soil sampling point D₁ exceeded the WHO threshold limits. The proximity of sampling points D_1-3 from the abattoir, where the effluent discharge occurs, significantly increased its acidic values, thus consequently resulting in higher mean values for all the studied physicochemical parameters and heavy metals than in sampling point D₄ and control. The pollution index result indicated that the soil samples had slight to severe contamination status with Cu and Cr except Pb in soil sampling point D₁ that had slight pollution status. If the pollution index status of especially soil sampling point D₁ is sustained as a result of  the abattoir effluent discharge, the impact on the environment could be of public health emergency.

Mediterranean oak groves are characterized by the presence of deciduous oaks in the humid bioclimatic floors and of evergreen oaks in the humid, subhumid and even semi-arid bioclimates .The genus Quercus is typical of such a situation. Oaks are Angiosperms belonging to the Fagaceae family. This family is divided into seven genera. An ecophysiological study of afares oak compared to zeen oak and cork oak was carried out under natural conditions where the results show a significant drop in basic water potential during the summer season (August) -1.30, -1.81 and -1.37 Mpa in afares, zeen and cork oak indicating a decrease in soil water availability and a rise which generally occurred with the arrival of the first rains (in autumn) and during the Spring season (March), where the oak afares has the highest ψb (-0.37 Mpa versus -0.41 and -0.43 Mpa) This testifies to its ability to extract water from the soil and to the ability to limit water loss through perspiration.The maximum daily stomatal conductances (morning gs) in the afares, zeen and cork oak (0.10, 0.12 and 0.15 mol m-2 s-1) have higher values than the conductance’s of the middle of the day (of the order of 0.05 mol m-2 s-1), which shows a strong midday depression and a global drought avoidance strategy in these species.The afar oak species is distinguished from other oak species by leaf size point and avoidance and tolerance mechanisms. All these parameters of afares oak are close to that of zeen oak and cork oak at the same time while retaining an intermediate form between them and admitting the idea of hybridism.

Outdoor air pollution is a major threat to global public health that needs responsible participation of researchers at all levels. Assessing research output is an important step in highlighting national and international contribution and collaboration in a certain fields. Therefore the aim of this study was to analyze first country wide-published data in outdoor air pollution-related respiratory health during COVID-19 lockdown period between 20-31March 2020.

Using the participatory action research methodology (IPAR) method, the input, and knowledge of different stakeholder groups is an ongoing process to establish the best water user practices to allocate limited resources. Ongoing studies are being held for barrier and flood prevention solutions, integration of competing water user sectors, and evaluation of customary practices and rules. The establishments of updated regulations are necessary for future enforcement so that water allocation and management is effective and fair for all users. This article addresses effective and fair water resource management regulation (EFWRMR) for water user organizations in the Chi River Basin in Thailand, The development of water resource management regulations of water users organizations are based surveys, analysis, and development of regulations through methodologies and research from organizations and users which broadly include water users, households, community leaders, government agencies, NGOs, other institutions and organizations characterized as Integrated Participatory Action Research (“IPAR”).  Using the IPAR methodology, the study compiled information to form a comprehensive survey. Topics included problems floods and droughts, and water and solutions such as developing water reservoirs along the natural swamps, other storage capacities, and water management. Legal experts were consulted Legal experts were consulted on water management, the current state of the ecological community, and draft governmental regulations. 

The aims of this research study to associate and assess the participating conditions of the followers through the great masses and guided in the political society, blend narrative to self-actualization fellowships’ actions under the PDRC was examined. The phenomenology, observing authentic leadership, follower behaviors, reviewing theories and related research, political crisis, and recruitment analysis for resulting, concluding, discussing, and suggesting ethical guidelines are empirical data were associated. Leader-follower interactions were assessed with the 48-item Questionnaire on Follower Interaction (QFI). The followers’ attitudes were assessed with the 10-item Test of Conditional Follower-Related Attitude (TCFRA). These questionnaires are reliable and valid were associated with a sample size of 4,000 followers. The roles of the great mass spectacular on citizenry recognition for the participating in the PDRC, it was found that; Thailand’s politics is in a fragile state, the masses is a movement of political leaders, masses and social unions, to hold the principle of nonviolence and there was a spirit of bravery, courage and sacrifice are participating in political decision-making the process to take or not to take them, which a new movement of Thai society with special characteristics of their political gatherings and this movement were powerful, effective, and attractive track toward their strategies and tactics of civil society and organization as social media, FaceBook, Twitter is very important to the movement of civil society and organizations are organizing fellowship patterns for their claims of rights and freedoms are provided.

The Chi River, Central Northeast Region; 765 km length, 6.9 million populations, 20 Sub-basins; 60% of land use for agricultural, industrial, household, and environmental activities. Understanding the conditions of organized water resource management of the effectiveness as the best practice guideline with the IPAR research method was designed. The 10-Water User Organizations (WUOs); 35 organizations with high efficiency on contraction and agreement between the members’ WUOs were interviewed and observed.  The factors affecting include; population growth, particularly in water-short regions, movement of large people members, demand greater fish aquaculture farming, increased competition between different users is polluted. The WUOs memberships’ responses to their organizing conditions are located at outside the interior irrigation area was undisturbed. The irrigation canal was constructed in the form of irrigation water.  The management structures are complete with memberships’ mutually agreed upon and strictly adhered to the organizations. The annual meeting at least twice a year to reviews’ plans for water management to follow-up, counseling, and evaluating performances were promoted to encouraging the rules and regulations. Strengthen harmony and sacrifice to occur completely in mass among members and water is used efficiently and high yields are sustained under usable storage water. The Chi River water resources’ developments with the legal claims traditional rules, regulations indicate that of effectiveness and fairness to the local agriculture, increasingly.  The large portions of the national tradition rules and regulations for developing the WUOs at the local environmental communities are discussed on constraint through the water resources, consciously. 

Experimental modifying innovative on science inventory for the determining effects of salinity on chlorophyll A chlorophyll B sugar content and starch granules of yam bean (Pachyrhizuserosus (L.) Urb.) by hydroponics technique, with grown in Hoagland’s solution by adding NaCl. Yam bean seedlings were germinated in the sponge for 14 days. The plants were hydroponically grown in the solution for 21 days by treatments with 0, 50, 100 and 200 mMolar. Both Chlorophyll A and B indicate that the highest value of light-weighted as a group of NaCl-solution at the concentration of 50 mMolar. The effects of salinity observed for increasing total sugars in tuber chlorophyll A and B, the total sugars in leaf, granular size of starch and distribution in starch granules decrease when increased NaCl-concentration. Reducing efficiency of photosynthesis of plants indicated that of the reduced amount of chlorophyll according to the concentration of NaCl-solution at 100 and 200 mM, plant leaves are a yellow color. An average of light yam bean varieties of under salt stress conditions at different concentrations of sodium chloride solution on 0, 50, 100, and 200 mM that indicate of linear equation as y = -0.047x + 1.22 and y = -0.331x +3.02, and the determination efficient predictive values (R²) indicate of 17.7% and 83.7% for chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B, respectively.

Land is one among the non-renewable resources and its mapping is a crucial decision in designing and development of land and water resources of our country. Major modification in land use patterns have been observed due to urbanization, industrialization, construction of dams, expansion of mining areas, global warming (?) etc. The present study attempts to extract valuable information of land mapping and its changes occurred over the decade from 2000 to 2010. Topomap of 1:50,000 scale from Survey of India (SoI) have been acquired as a base map, geo-rectified and digitized each individual Land Use/ Land Cover (LU/LC) themes through GIS software’s. Systematic management of these lands will fulfill the needs of the atmosphere qualities, land productivity, reclamation of wastelands, restoration of soil degradation and others. Satellite based data with its multispectral and multi-temporal information provides specific design of land classes of the larger areas. Supervised classification analyses had performed on IRS-1D, PAN+LISS-III of 5.8m resolution in representing the location, extent and better synoptic view of specified LU/LC classes in Molakalmuru taluk. The final results reveal the potentiality of geospatial approach in mapping and Change Detection Analysis (CDA) of LU/LC patterns for sustainable land resources and management.